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Hospital radiation diagnostic machine and therapeutic machine room radiation protection engineering construction
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( 030006 China Institute of Radiation Protection, 120 mailbox in Taiyuan, Shanxi )
According to the State Council's Decree No. 449 of December 1, 2005, the Regulations on the Safety and Protection of Radioisotopes and Radiation Devices, and the Order No. 18 of the Ministry of Health issued on October 23, 2001, Measures for the Administration of Radiological Protection Equipment and Radioactive Products Containing Radioactive Products, The safety protection construction of the radiation room and the application of the radiation protection equipment are clearly defined. The construction protection standard of the ray machine room requires that the annual effective dose equivalent of the medical personnel engaged in operation should not exceed 1 mSv/a; this requires consideration of the selection of protective materials, reasonable and optimized protection construction, and safety monitoring and accident warning and emergency response mechanisms in the construction design.
1 . Radiation diagnostic medical site zoning and protection requirements
1.1 radiotherapy workplace
(1) Control area
The treatment room where the linear accelerator is located, the gamma knife treatment room, the cobalt-60 remote treatment room and the post-loading treatment room, the positioning CT room, and the simulation photography room.
The area needs to optimize radiation shielding protection and multiple, independent safety interlocking systems to ensure normal exposure under normal working conditions and to prevent potential exposure and accidental medical exposure. The protection and safety measures of the radioactive source must be designed from the protection design, the selection of protective equipment, the installation, maintenance, and maintenance of the equipment. At the same time, the electromagnetic radiation may interfere with the operation of the equipment, ensure the safety of the equipment, and ensure the safety of the medical personnel. Occupational exposure and exposure to the public are reduced to acceptable levels.
(2) Supervision area
Linear accelerator control room, post-treatment control room, gamma knife control room, cobalt-60 remote treatment control room, CT positioning machine control room, analog positioning machine control room.
The area needs to be shielded and isolated from the control area. Considering the operation is convenient, safe and reliable, easy to maintain and repair, energy saving, beautiful and generous, design safety monitoring and radiation alarm system, monitor the occupational exposure of medical staff and personal dose. Conduct analytical evaluation.
1.2 Nuclear Medicine Workplace
(1) Control area
Dispensing room, rinsing (and marking) room, source plenum, breathing laboratory, lung ventilation room.
Injection room, high-activity washing room, low-life washing room, bone density examination room, dressing room (also made by applicator).
The area must be designed from the radiation protection shielding design, the selection of protective equipment, the installation and maintenance of the equipment, the protection and safety measures of the radioactive source, and the installation of radiation safety alarm devices and monitoring systems to ensure the occupation of medical personnel. Irradiation and exposure to the public are reduced to acceptable levels.
(2) Supervision area
Kidney map measuring room, SPECT examination room and control room, patient lounge, radioactive solid waste storage room.
The area needs to be shielded and isolated from the control area. Considering the convenience of operation and installing the radiation safety monitoring system, the occupational exposure of medical staff is monitored and the personal dose is analyzed and evaluated.
Radiation protection, waste sorting, safety alarm and automatic monitoring are carried out separately in the radioactive solid waste storage room.
1 . 3 interventional radiology and radiology diagnosis workplace
(1) Control area
Radiology CT room, 12 X-ray diagnostic rooms, and an emergency department.
Dental X-ray room, four-layer catheterization room, and five-layer medical center X-ray room.
The area must be designed from the X-ray protective shielding design, the selection of protective equipment, the protection of the radioactive source during the installation, maintenance, maintenance and repair of the equipment, and the safety of the equipment and personnel, and the installation of radiation safety alarm devices and monitoring systems. Ensure that the occupational exposure of health care workers and the exposure to the public are reduced to acceptable levels.
(2) Supervision area
The control room of each X-ray room.
The area needs to be protected from the control area, and the operation is convenient, the radiation safety monitoring system is installed, and the occupational exposure of the medical staff is monitored and the personal dose is evaluated.
1 . 3 . 1 . Taking the medical electron accelerator as an example to illustrate the radiation hazard and protection requirements of the radiation room
Medical electron linear accelerators can generate high voltage, strong current, microwave and radiation at the same time, so the protection measures for safety protection should be more thorough. Although linear accelerators are designed for maximum safety and reliability, they can be a dangerous device if they are not used correctly or are not used by trained personnel.
The medical electron linear accelerator is a strong radiation source capable of generating high-energy electron lines and X-rays with a dose rate of tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of rads per minute. Radiation generation and protection requirements (taken from the equipment design specification):
(1) When the accelerator is working at high power, even if the accelerating tube and the electron gun lose their working ability, the magnetron and the thyristor can still generate X-rays; the high-voltage magnetron can emit not only from the cathode but also from the output waveguide. Strong X-ray; dose and flatness measuring device near the accelerator head and accessories attached to the head may be activated by high-energy photon beams to generate radioactivity; medical linear accelerators using X-rays above 15MV will bring about The problem of neutron pollution.
(2) When the accelerator is working, a large amount of ozone will be generated in the treatment room. To maintain good ventilation, the air is changed 6-10 times per hour.
(3) The protective door of the radiotherapy room has an interlock switch configuration that automatically displays the door closed.
(4) Use a calibrated dosimeter during maintenance and repair.
(5) Never disarm the interlocking system during maintenance and repair, if the work needs to bypass an interlock.
(6) The maintenance personnel should carry a personal dose alarm and wear a personal dosimeter at work.
(7) The thyristor of the modulator can generate soft X-rays. Do not open the modulator door of the steel plate, (8) because these iron cabinets can prevent soft X-ray radiation.
2. Radiation protection requirements related to civil engineering in radiation room
After the relevant architectural design drawings and foundation construction designed by the ray machine room are basically completed, the radiation protection construction design for the following infrastructure construction is formulated by the national standards and the necessary requirements of the “radiation protection regulationsâ€:
1) Ditch design: It is required to have moisture-proof design. The trench is used for placing various lines, and the cover plate should be prepared at the necessary position on the trench.
2) The fan is installed at the natural venting position: the opening is about 60 cm at a distance of 2 meters from the top of the main illumination wall (the exhaust fan is installed according to the size of the blade).
3) "Grounding" to pre-embed the grounding cable in the underground near the console position, 1 meter deep. Shape Description: The ground part has multiple binding posts (4-6), which can be designed to be connected to the “ground box†to prevent dust and ensure good grounding. The underground part is a ring-shaped ring with a diameter of 50 cm. The material is made of a generally available metal material with good "grounding".
4) Wire and cable pre-buried and electrical cabinet layout:
l The electrical cabinet is placed in the control room, and the electrical cabinet is not installed in the equipment room.
l Various power supply lines in the control room are designed to be buried in the inner wall or buried in the ground to the power supply unit.
l Signals and control lines such as the plug head pass through the pipeline (opening in the control room by the wall of the laboratory) to the trench and then to the console.
5) Radiation protection automatic interlock control protection door (accurate calculation of lead equivalent, designed and manufactured by professional manufacturers), with detector and alarm indication, and with control chain function, can also be manual under fault conditions. See Radiation Protection Door Design and Installation Diagram.
6) Requires fire, moisture, lighting (including emergency lighting), hot and cold control air conditioning, anti-theft (no window).
7) The control room is required to be designed according to the general laboratory room. It requires laboratory conditions such as faucet and cleaning small pool. It is optional to install ordinary air conditioner. See floor plan and description.
8) Design and construction of lifting holes for equipment.
9) The machine room must be equipped with a heating and cooling air conditioner and a ventilation fan.
3. Reasonable design of radiation protection door and lead glass window in ray machine room
                      Radiation protection door
(1) Shielding effect: stainless steel plate outside, general size is 2150mm*width 1300mm*thickness 100mm, keel is built inside, lining 2-3mm shielding plate (different material requirements and thickness requirements according to different departments of the radiometer) ), so that the staff dose reaches the national management target value.
(2) Chain function: The protective door is interlocked with the power supply of the illumination device, and the radiation machine cannot be turned on when the door is opened. If the protection device is opened when the radiation device is turned on, it will be shut down immediately within 2 seconds.
(3) Control requirements: The protective door switch can be controlled by computer, button control and manual control. It supports the bus interface, displays the door status on the computer, and displays the working status on the LED on the door.
(4) Safety requirements: With position sensor and infrared detector, if a person approaches or touches the door during the door closing process, the door stops closing and automatically opens, and has the functions of running stroke, limit and time protection.
(5) The lead glass window is placed at a reasonable line of sight between the treatment room and the control room. Generally, the lead glass with a size of 600 mm × 900 mm and about 5 mm Pb equivalent is used.
4. Radiation room radiation safety alarm system
Figure 1 ray room alarm system
4.1 Radiation Safety Online Alarm and Radiation Safety Control System
We use the RAM-I type x/γ radiation warning device to give the measurement results in real time (μGy/h and μSv/h conversion display), and at the same time give the cumulative dose (μSv) of the individual. Remind the staff that the radiation device is in working or leaking state, thus protecting the safety of the staff. According to the safety requirements, you can set the threshold between 0.25 μGy/h and 10Gy/h. When the dose rate exceeds the set threshold, the instrument will generate a light and audible alarm and record the alarm value and alarm time. The instrument can also display the measured dose. rate. The probe is mounted in the main shield beam area of ​​the ray machine, and the secondary instrument is placed on the console or mounted and fixed on the control cabinet.
4.1.1 Main features
• The instrument probe is connected to the main unit with a cable for easy measurement and operation.
· The instrument response is fast and accurate, and the alarm threshold is adjustable.
· Instrument response time can be set.
·The instrument has an external alarm light, which has a wide visual range and sound and sound.
· The instrument is easy to carry and easy to operate.
Figure 2 RAM-I type χ γ radiation alarm
4.1.2 Installation Note
1) Fixed installation of the detector: Install the detector mounting bracket on the wall at the designated design position and secure the detector.
2) The main unit (200*160*110) can be placed separately on the console or fixed to the cabinet (according to the design).
4.1.3 Technical performance
l Detector: semiconductor detector
l Energy response: 48Kev-3Mev
l Measurement interval: 1-60 S can be set.
l Sensitivity: 1.1*10 -2 cps
l Measurement range: 0.1μGy/h—10Gy/h, 0-99999999cps, 0-99mSv
l Unit of measurement: μGy/h, μSv/h, Sv can be converted by TAPE mode
l Alarm threshold can be set: 0.01μGy/h--10Gy/h
l Ambient temperature: -5-45 degrees; humidity: 5-95%
l Power supply: DC5V and AC220V, 50 Hz.
4.2 Radiation room radiation safety control system
The ray room control system includes the ray device in each ray room, RAM-I radiation safety alarm device, protective door, personal dose monitoring, panoramic monitoring system, control center, protective equipment, etc.
5. Daily patrol and emergency detection in radiology medical facilities
    The RAM-II radiation dose rate meter is used to regularly patrol the ray instrument and the radiation environment and to detect the accident after the accident.
                        RAM-II radiation dose rate meter
6 . Personal dose monitoring of medical staff
The FJ2000 or SDM2000 personal dose alarm is used for the wear of the staff. Every time the work is completed, the radiation dose value must be recorded in order to establish a personal profile to ensure personal safety and is also an occupational health and safety requirement.
7. Personal protection of medical staff and patients
    Individual radiation protection for staff and patients (partial) In addition to wearing ordinary overalls, gloves, shoes, caps, radiation protection lead clothing must be worn in the event of a ray machine accident or equipment overhaul.
8 . Radiation monitoring plan development
Develop a monitoring plan based on national standards, including monitoring content, time and frequency, and fill out the form.
9 . Radiation protection effect evaluation and occupational health safety evaluation
According to the environmental protection department and radiation protection technical requirements, the selection of protective shielding materials, the design, manufacture and installation of protective equipment, and the inspection report on the protective effect of the protection project by the Grade A qualification unit, and the radiological occupational health safety evaluation.
l reference standards and literature
(1) GJB2725-96 calibration and testing laboratory general requirements
(2) GB16368-96 radiation protection requirements for inspection instruments for the production and use of sealed sources
(3) GB12162-90 calibration instrument reference radiation
(4) "Basic Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and Safety of Radiation Sources" GB18871-2002
(5) "The People's Republic of China Occupational Disease Protection Law" 2001
(6) Ministry of Health and Ministry of Public Security Decree No. 16 "Measures for Radiological Management"
(7) Order No. 17 of the Ministry of Health, “Administrative Measures for Health Protection of Radiation Work†2001
(8) State Council Order No. 449 "Regulations on the Safety and Protection of Radioisotopes and Radiation Devices" 2005
(9) For related pictures and citations of other excerpts, please refer to the attached description.
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