With the constant changes in modern living habits, people's diet is becoming more and more irregular, and hepatitis is becoming another killer threatening human health. July 28, 2017 is World Hepatitis Day. The theme of this year's Hepatitis Day is "Love Liver and Protect Liver, Enjoy Health". In this article, Xiaobian compiled a heavyweight study related to hepatitis in recent years, and shared it with everyone. You study together!
[1] Nat Microbiol: Heavy! Scientists are expected to develop new therapies to completely cure hepatitis B
DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.98
Recently, a research report published in the international journal Nature Microbiology, researchers from institutions such as York University have clarified the working mechanism of hepatitis B virus through research, or provide new hope for later researchers to develop new treatments for hepatitis B.
Today, hepatitis B is the leading cause of liver cancer in the global population. In the article, researchers have identified a special "assembly code" from the genetic material of hepatitis B virus, which helps the virus to produce a protective cover. The basis for generating more infectious viral particles; the researchers point out that the signals generated by RNA can help viral proteins overcome "engineering problems," thereby helping to assemble viral proteins into a special geometric model. Professor Reidun Twarock said that it is a bit like a chain on a bicycle. If we can't put the chain on the chain, it will become chaotic and lose its function. Once it is assembled correctly, the chain structure will pedal the same wheel. Connected to make it work better.
Now researchers have found the same process in the HB signal and viral proteins of hepatitis B virus, which can be attracted by these signals, and then promote the assembly of viral proteins into precise molecular machines, thereby promoting the production of copies of genetic material by the virus, and enhancing The infectivity of the virus. Hepatitis B virus can spread through blood and body fluids. More than 2 billion people worldwide have been infected with the virus, and there are still 350 million hepatitis B virus carriers today.
[2] Nature: A major breakthrough! Hepatitis B virus uses protein X to counter host self-defense!
Doi:10.1038/nature17170
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is 100 times more infectious than HIV. HBV is mainly transmitted through blood or other body fluids. It infects liver cells. Chronic HBV infection can cause serious health problems such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), chronic hepatitis B affects nearly 240 million people worldwide and kills nearly 800,000 people each year. There are drugs available to treat HBV, but they rarely cure this infection, so the virus usually returns after treatment.
In a new study, researchers from the University of Geneva, the University of Lyon, France, and the American Gilead Technologies found out how our cells are self-resisting against HBV infection and how the virus fights back. This research represents an important advance in our understanding of HBV and suggests new ways to develop innovative therapeutic agents. The relevant research results were published online in the Nature Journal on March 16, 2016, and the title of the paper is "Hepatitis B virus X protein identifies the Smc5/6 complex as a host restriction factor".
[3] Immunity: Scientists discover a new mechanism of hepatitis B virus immunity
Doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.016
Hepatitis B is a high-incidence type of infectious disease in the Chinese population. Hepatitis B can cause liver dysfunction, cirrhosis and liver cancer. What causes hepatitis B is a hepatitis B virus (HBV).
The host's invasion of foreign aid pathogens has a series of resistance mechanisms. For viruses, the DNA or RNA molecules they carry can be recognized by various receptor molecules inside the cell (eg, viral 5' phosphorylation or double-stranded RNA can be recognized by RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene-I) molecules) Through a series of downstream signal transmission mechanisms, a large number of type I and type III interferons are produced, which play a role in killing viruses. However, the current research on the immune mechanism of HBV is still not very clear. Previous studies have found that for HBV infection, host-derived type I interferon is far less susceptible than HCV (hepatitis C virus) infection. Recently, the Akinori Takaoka team of the Institute of Genetic Medicine of Hokkaido University in Japan published their recent research on the mechanism of host resistance to HBV infection in the journal Immunology.
First, they transfected the human HBV genome into the HBV genome and tested the expression of various interferons in the cells. The results showed that stem cells produced very few type I interferons, but were able to produce significant type III interferons (IFN-λ). In addition, the production of interferon is affected by viral replication: artificial inhibition of viral replication by drug treatment will not result in the production of INF-λ.
[4] Science: A major breakthrough! Construction of a mouse model of acute and chronic HCV infection, paving the way for the development of hepatitis C vaccine
Doi:10.1126/science.aal1962 doi:10.1126/science.aao0184
As the saying goes, one point of prevention is better than a lot of treatment. It may be even more so for hepatitis C caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. There are nearly 71 million patients with hepatitis C in the world, and this disease can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer if left untreated.
The reason is that the disease does not show signs of extrinsicity, and more than 80% of patients are not diagnosed. Therefore, although an effective cure does exist, what is most needed is a vaccine that stops infection in the first place.
For decades, Charlie Rice, a professor of virology at Rockefeller University in the United States, has been working on the vaccine; in fact, his previous study led to the development of a cure for HCV infection, which was first introduced in 2015. But his research and this field are hampered by the lack of animal models that can be used to study the interaction between HCV and the immune system.
[5] PNAS: Why is it difficult to develop an effective hepatitis C vaccine? Scientists reveal important reasons
Doi:10.1073/pnas.1609780113
Scientists have been working hard to develop vaccines against the hepatitis C virus for decades. Scientists from TSRI recently discovered a reason why they have not yet successfully developed a vaccine.
Scientists have used a series of complex techniques to map the tiny molecular structures of a key viral protein in the laboratory. Many candidate HCV vaccines have been developed with the help of this viral protein, hoping to induce an antibody-responsive response to the virus. The researchers found that this protein has unexpected flexibility as part of the main target of the vaccine, which presents a variety of shapes for the immune system, leading to the formation of many different antibodies, most of which fail to block viral infection.
Researchers say that because of this flexibility, using this protein to prepare vaccines may not be the best way.
The relevant research results were published in the international academic journal PNAS.
HCV infection is a global epidemic, with an estimated 130 million to 150 million people worldwide affected by HCV, and about 700,000 people die each year from liver diseases caused by HCV, including cancer.
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