The base sells 5000 kg of seeds of Astragalus membranaceus and has a new production in 2006. The germination rate is 80%. It is pure and pure. The medicine is supplied by root, the yield per mu is 200 kg, the market price is 13 yuan, and the seed production is 40 kg. The market price is 60 yuan. About 20 tons of 50 acres of seedlings. Astragalus has the effects of heat, dampness, detoxification, hemostasis, and tocolysis. Indications: fever, fever, flu, red eyes, swelling, pain, vomiting, blood stasis, hyperactivity, cough, hepatitis, hot and humid jaundice, hypertension, headache, enteritis, dysentery, fetal movement, ulcers, burns, and scarlet fever prevention. Is also an important raw material for the pharmaceutical industry, such as "yellow oral liquid" is the main component of Astragalus extract. Provide planting technology, charge d'affaires consignments, the size can be.
Section I Ecological Adaptability Huangxisheng is born in the middle and high mountains or plateau grasslands in a cool, semi-humid and semi-arid environment. It enjoys sunshine and has strong anti-cold ability. In the central distribution area, it often uses advantages to build groups and some grasses, Artemisia or other weeds are symbiotic. In the temperate mountainous steppe is common in the 600-1500 meters above sea level on sunny slopes or highland grasslands, etc., understory shade and wetlands are rare. The suitable climatic condition for the growth of wild astragalus is generally: the annual total solar radiation is 110-135 kcal/cm2, one is suitable for 120 kcal/cm2; the average annual temperature is -4-8°C, and the optimal average temperature is 2 At -4°C, the lower part of adult plants can still survive winter safely at -35°C, and will not die at 35°C, but it cannot withstand continuous high temperature above 40°C. The annual precipitation requirement is slightly higher than that of other mid-irrigation plants. In the 400-600 mm; soil requirements of neutral or slightly acidic, and contains a certain humus layer, light silty soil and sandy loam is appropriate, poor drainage, easy to collect water should not be cultivated. It is better to artificially cultivate with sunny and well-drained soil, and a deep, fertile and loamy soil for cultivation. Avoid continuous works.
The second section of the breeding method can be used sowing or rooting method to reproduce.
First, sowing propagation Seed collection: Flowering period from July to September, fruit ripening period from August to October, until the fruit is light brown, harvesting, seed maturity is very inconsistent, and easily fall off, need to follow the cooked with, and finally can be connected Cut fruit branches, dried seeds, and net impurities.
Storage and longevity: The seeds collected in 1977 were stored in kraft paper bags at room temperature. The germination rate was measured as 23% in March 1979, so the seeds could not be used every other year. However, according to Chengde Li Shi’s report that the seeds of Astragalus membranaceus were stored for 3 years, the seed germination rate could still reach 70%, which may be due to the coolness of the area.
Seed germination: Seeds of Scutellaria baicalensis are easy to germinate. The effect of temperature on seed germination is shown in Table 1. Seeds germinate well at 15 to 30 °C and seeds above 35 °C germinate poorly. There are two types of live broadcast and nursery seedlings, and live broadcast is better, which can save labor, long roots, little roots, and high yields.
Live broadcast spring or autumn sowing, spring sowing in the middle of April, Jiang, Zhejiang in late March; autumn sowing in mid-August.
Table 1 Effect of Temperature on Seed Germination of Scutellaria baicalensis Germination Temperature (°C)
Usually from March to April, the seeding method is adopted, and the spacing is 30-40 centimeters, 0.6-6 centimeters shallow shallow ditch, then the seeds are evenly scattered into the ditch, and the cover soil is 5-6 millimeters. The amount of sowing per mu is about 1 kilogram. After sowing, the soil is often kept moist, and it can emerge in about 15 days. When the seedlings are flushed, the dense and thin seedlings are removed between 2 and 3 times, and the spacing between the plants is kept between 8 and 12 cm. Such as small-scale cultivation, in order to improve intensive cultivation and yield, you can also take the first seeding seedlings in Yangshuo, when the seedling height 8 to 12 cm, and then transplanted to Honda transplanting method of colonization, so that because of the early sowing can be beneficial to the later growth and development.
Second, it is at least 2 to 3 years from the time of sowing and harvesting to planting Astragalus roots. In order to shorten the cultivation period, it is possible to apply root-dividing methods. In early April 1983, at the Beijing Institute of Medicinal Plant Resources Development, the roots of three-year-old Astragalus membranaceus were harvested and tested for rooting. The survival rate was high, and the growth was good in the later stages. normal. The specific practice of the trial was to dig up the whole plant before it had sprouted. Cut the main root for medicinal purposes, and then use a knife to split the natural shape of the rhizome growth. Each root and stem is cut into several pieces. Each piece has a few buds, that is, as a propagation material, and the propagation material is placed separately before planting. Three kinds of ABT rooting powder solution (promoted rooting agent produced by Chinese Academy of Forestry) of 50PPm, 75PPm, and 100PPm were soaked for 2 hours, and after soaking treatment, they were planted into test plots at a row spacing of 30×31 cm. The survival and growth of Astragalus (Table 2).
Table 2 Application of rooting powder for germination and emergence of Astragalus membranaceus
From the above table, it can be seen that the treatment concentration has little effect on germination and emergence, and the untreated control area has good seedling emergence. This shows that the rooting method of jaundice can completely germinate and emerge without any measures. However, after mid-April, the temperature gradually increased and reached 16.5 to 19.2°C at noon. At the same time, the amount of rainfall in North China also increased. This shows that natural conditions are suitable for the growth and development of Astragalus membranaceus. After soaking with the rooting powder solution, the aerial shoots of the shoots are relatively lush and the underground part of the fibrous roots stretches well. It can be seen that when the roots are propagated, it is effective to apply a rooting agent treatment before planting them (Table 3).
Table 3 Effect of Different Treatments on Late Growth of Astragalus membranaceus
In summary, it can be considered that the cultivation of Astragalus by the method of partial root propagation can omit the time and labor of the sowing and nursery stage, and shorten the production cycle from the seed to the harvest. There are enough old seedlings in the old drug-producing areas to be used as root-reproducing materials. Propagating in situ in accordance with local conditions is extremely beneficial to the expansion of cultivated areas.
Third, the cutting propagation uses different parts of the stem section for cuttings and hormone treatment, the test results show that: the survival rate of cuttings with stem tips as high as 95% or more, and the fastest growth; the stem base for cuttings, the survival rate is very Low (10%-30%). Treatment with hormones significantly increased the survival rate of mid-stemmed cuttings. The survival rate of IAA (indole acetic acid) 100 μg/ml for 3 hours was the highest, which was 35.6% higher than the control. The most suitable cutting period in Beijing is the vegetative period before mid-June.
Cut from the ground shoot tips (top with bud part) 8 to 10 cm, remove the lower half of the leaf, cut the row spacing 10 cm 6 cm, take the shade shed, after plugging water moisturizing, after the decision to spray according to the weather and humidity Number of water and water spray. It should not be too wet to prevent the cuttings from rot. It is better not to cover the membrane. (Table 4)
Table 4 Comparison of survival rates of different stem segments of Astragalus membranaceus
Section III Field Management Regardless of whether sowing or rooting is adopted, the soil should be kept moist during the seedling stage, and the soil should be properly soiled and weeded. When the seedlings are transplanted and the seedlings grow to 6-8 cm in height, the seedlings are transplanted into the field in cloudy days. The planting spacing is 25-3012-15 cm, and the watering is carried out in time after transplanting. Planting distance refers to the standard of sowing and colonization. It can germinate 7 to 10 days after planting. Combined with weeding ripping soil, suitable soil can be cultivated around the seedlings to keep the topsoil loose and free of weeds, which is conducive to normal plant growth. Between June and July, the vigorous growth of seedlings, depending on the seedlings, the application of topdressing, usually applying 20 mg of superphosphate and 10 kg of ammonium sulfate per acre. If there is no convenient fertilizer in the local area, 300 to 400 kilograms of human feces and urine diluted with rotting may also be applied. Water immediately after topdressing.
The two-year-old seedlings begin to turn green in April and twitch and blossom in June and July. If you plan to harvest seeds, apply more fertilizer before flowering to promote flourishing flowers and full seeds. If it is not necessary to collect seeds, the pedicels should be cut off before the inflorescences are removed to control nutrient consumption to promote root growth and increase medicinal yield.
Section 4 Diseases and Insect Pests and Their Control 1. Leaf blight (sclerotium sp.) is prone to disease in high temperatures and rainy seasons. It begins to develop irregular black-brown lesions from the tips of leaves or leaves, gradually extends inwards, and leaves the leaves dry. Severely spread into pieces. Prevention methods, after the autumn to clean the pastoral, in addition to the net litter with litter, eliminate the source of overwintering bacteria, the beginning of the disease spray 1:120 Bordeaux mixture, or 50% carbendazim 1000 times spray control, every 7 to 10 days Spray once, spray 2 or 3 times continuously.
Second, the root rot planted more than 2 years are susceptible to disease, often the roots appear black and brown disease classes and rot, the whole plant withered. Prevention methods; pay attention to drainage during the rainy season, weeding, cultivator to strengthen ventilation between the seedlings; implement rotation.
Third, Prochoreutis sp. is an important pest of Astragalus membranaceus. The larvae make thin silk nests in the back of the leaves. The insects feed on the leaf flesh in the silk nest, leaving only the epidermis. It took more than four generations a year in Beijing, and in October it was wintering on the stubble leaves. Control methods: Clear garden, treatment of litter and other residual plants, during the occurrence of 90% trichlorfon or 40% dimethoate spray control.
In the fifth section, harvesting and initial processing cultivation of Astragalus membranaceus can be harvested, but the poor quality does not meet the standards of the Pharmacopoeia. It usually takes 2 to 3 years to harvest. After the fall, when the stems and leaves are yellow, select the sunny weather to dig out the roots, pay attention to the operation when digging, avoid cutting off, on the harvested roots, remove the attached stems and leaves, shake off the soil, dry to the half dry, hit the skin , and then quickly dried or dried. In the drying process to avoid the sun is too strong, too much sun will be red, but also to prevent the rain from the rain, because after the rain, the roots of the warts turn green and black, affecting the quality of crude drugs. The interior of the solid and non-porous interior is bright yellow.
The newly harvested fresh roots are dried and processed, roughly 3-4 kg can be processed into 1 kg dry goods. Generally, 560-860 kilograms of fresh produce can be harvested per mu, and 150-280 kilograms of crude drug can be obtained after processing.
According to the specifications of the medicinal materials prescribed by the State Administration of Medicine and the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, there are two types of products: yellow peony roots and crushed lice.
One, one level: dry goods. It is conical, with a relatively rough upper part, with pronounced textures and twisted longitudinal wrinkles. The lower skin is fine with smooth lines or wrinkles. The surface is yellow or yellowish brown. Hard and crisp. The section is dark yellow with a yellow-green or tan dead heart between the upper centers. Gas slightly, bitter. The length is more than 10 centimeters, the middle diameter is more than 1 centimeter, and the net rough skin is removed without impurities, insects and mildew.
Level 2: Dry goods. Conical, upper skin is rough, with obvious webbing and twisted longitudinal wrinkles. The lower skin is fine with smooth lines or wrinkles. The surface is yellow or yellow-brown, hard and crisp. The section is dark yellow with a yellow-green or tan dead heart between the upper centers. Gas slightly, bitter. Article length 4 cm above, the central diameter of 1 cm below, but not less than 0.4 cm, to the net rough skin. No impurities, insects and mildew.
Second, dry smashing system goods: dry goods. That is to say, the old roots are hollow, with a few pieces of broken and broken clams. The surface is yellow or light yellow. Hard and crisp. Yellow section. Gas slightly, bitter. No rough skin, stem reed, debris, impurities, insects, mildew.
In the fifth section, harvesting and initial processing cultivation of Astragalus membranaceus can be harvested, but the poor quality does not meet the standards of the Pharmacopoeia. It usually takes 2 to 3 years to harvest. After the fall, when the stems and leaves are yellow, select the sunny weather to dig out the roots, pay attention to the operation when digging, avoid cutting off, on the harvested roots, remove the attached stems and leaves, shake off the soil, dry to the half dry, hit the skin , and then quickly dried or dried. In the drying process to avoid the sun is too strong, too much sun will be red, but also to prevent the rain from the rain, because after the rain, the roots of the warts turn green and black, affecting the quality of crude drugs. The interior of the solid and non-porous interior is bright yellow.
The newly harvested fresh roots are dried and processed, roughly 3-4 kg can be processed into 1 kg dry goods. Generally, 560-860 kilograms of fresh produce can be harvested per mu, and 150-280 kilograms of crude drug can be obtained after processing.
According to the specifications of the medicinal materials prescribed by the State Administration of Medicine and the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, there are two types of products: yellow peony roots and crushed lice.
Section VI. Improvement Measures 1. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers on the yield of Astragalus membranaceus. The experiment showed that the artificial cultivation of Astragalus membranaceus and the application of N, P, and K fertilizers have significant effects on Astragalus membranaceus, whether applied alone or in combination. The yield-increasing effect was highest among the three fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and was 26.0% higher than the control group without fertilization. The effect of increasing production was: 3 kinds of combinations were more than 2 kinds, 2 kinds of more than 1 kinds, and 1 type of nitrogen alone was the best, potassium was the second, and phosphorus was the second most. The fertilization has a certain effect on increasing the length of the main root of Astragalus membranaceus and has no significant effect on the thickness and the dryness rate of the root.
Second, the effect of asexual propagation technology on the yield and effective components of Astragalus Astragalus Astragalus through different cutting materials, different seasons and temperature and humidity comparison test, the Astragalus asexual reproduction research. The use of vegetative propagation to plant seedlings of Astragalus membranaceus under field management conditions not only yields a high yield of 385 kg per mu, but also yields a maximum yield of 427 kg. The content of active ingredient Astragalus (C21H18O11) is as high as 13.4%, exceeding the “Chinese Pharmacopoeiaâ€. Not less than 4% of the regulations, but also higher than sexual reproduction (12.9%) and wild samples (9.4%), is a new technology worth promoting.
Study on Wild Variety Cultivation Technology of Astragalus membranaceus
Third, the collection of jaundice as a common Chinese medicine, with diarrhea lung fire, damp heat, fetal to relieve pain, cooling effect, its main ingredient is flavonoids, the traditional that should be harvested in the spring and autumn. The relationship between the growth of Scutellariae Radix and the content of flavonoids in roots is determined by modern methods. The main flavonoids (Scutellariae Radix, Scutellaria Pigmentosa, Osmanthus astragali, etc.) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that: In the second half of the fruiting period, the age of Astragalus root has the highest Astragalus root content, which is basically the same as that of three-age Astragalus. Therefore, it can be considered that the harvested Astragalus root should be harvested in the latter half of the next year in terms of yield and quality. (in late autumn) is appropriate.
Some people also found that the content of flavonoids was the highest in late July and early August through the study of Astragalus, so the collection time was selected in July and August. Similarly, foreign scholars used HPLC to determine the content of flavonoids contained in leaves, stems, rhizomes and root parts of the production process. The relationship between the production process and the flavonoids contained in the production process was studied. The results showed that no jaundice was found in the leaves during the whole period. The stem contains only trace amounts, but does not exist in the stem, and the content of astragalus and other glycosides in the underground rhizomes increases. However, the astragalin decreases year after year and does not change for the second year. The content of the active ligand in the root is slightly higher than that of the rhizome. More often than not, these conditions indicate that the defoliation period with high Astragalus content can be considered as the harvest period of Astragalus membranaceus.
The growth of Astragalus can be carried out within 2 to 3 years. However, comparing the two, the yield of fresh and dry roots in each three-year period is about twice as high as that of two-year-olds, and the yield of commercial roots is 2-3 times higher, and the main effective components are. The content of Astragalus is also high, so the best harvest period is to grow for three years.
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