[Biological characteristics]?
Dianthus caryophyllus is a perennial flower of the carnation family Dianthus. Plant height 80-120 cm, the whole plant hairless, pink green, small leaves without stalks, joint swelling. Garden cone inflorescences, flower diameter 0.5-1 cm. The whole plant stems and leaves, beautiful lines, many branches, full of three-dimensional, numerous small white flowers born in the branches, lining under the emerald green lanceolate leaflets, nearly seemingly stars shining, crystal clear and beautiful, so it is called full Stars; overlooking the clouds like haze, floating desperate, it is also known as Xiacao, one of Europe's top ten cut flowers. ?
Dianthus hi cool, in sunny, air circulation environment, the best growth, growth optimum temperature of 15 ~ 25 °C, 30 °C above the high temperature or below 10 °C are likely to cause rosette clustered, only long Stems do not bloom. ?
Requirements: Loose, rich in organic matter, moderate water content, drainage and ventilated alkaline soil, can produce high-quality cut flowers on sand loam with a pH of 7 and meet export standards.
[Main varieties]?
1. "Fairy": It is white and it has strong adaptability. It can also grow and develop at high temperatures in summer, but it can also bloom at low temperatures in winter, and it is not easy to produce rosette-like clusters. It is easier to cultivate, and it can bloom on the anniversary of the cultivation. It is the ideal variety for the annual production in Nanjing. ?
2, "perfect": flowers than the "fairy" flowers, is a large variety, cut flowers tall and straight, white flowers, suitable for bouquets and corsages. Because the flowering of the variety stops at low temperature, it is only suitable for cultivation in a greenhouse with warming conditions. ?
3. "Diamond": It is a mid-flower variety that was bred from the "fairy". White flowers, plants shorter than the "fairy", the distance between the nodes is also short, in the upper part of the stem to produce more than two lateral branches. Flowering is delayed at low temperatures. This variety has the advantages of "fairy" and "perfect". At present, the annual production is more difficult, and it may become the mainstream in the future. ?
4, "flamingo": flowers pale pink, it is easy to fade, especially in the hot season. Flowers are small, stems are slender, and there are not many branches. Spring flowering, natural flowering period than the "fairy" delayed several days, flowering habits similar to "fairy." ?
5. "Red Sea": The color is stronger than "flamingo" and it is dark pink with large flowers and hard stems. It is planted in the high-cold area in the spring and sold in autumn. The flowers are very bright and not easy to fade. In the warm land, they can bloom from autumn to spring. This variety has taken off in the international market and has been favored by people. ?
[breeding]?
Commercial cut flower production is mainly based on tissue culture, and cutting propagation is also possible. Some single-leaf species can be used for seed propagation. ?
1. Tissue culture, using stunt tip detoxification culture, can produce large quantities of high quality non-toxic seedlings, flowering upright, pure color, and high quality of cut flowers, which is the first choice for the factory-used annual production seedlings.
2, cuttings, rooting rate is not too high, should use 4 to 5 pairs of cuttings of the blade, with rooting powder treatment, cutting in the perlite bed, the temperature is above 15 °C, hair roots can be 20 days. Generally, the best period for cutting is from March to next July to July and from September to November.
[Cultivation]?
1. Colonization: When cultivated, 2000-2500 plants per acre are planted, and 10-14 plants per 33m2 are planted in double rows. The Nanjing area is mostly cultivated in plastic greenhouses. Usually in a standard greenhouse (6m 30m), the plant adopts a four-row double-row planting method. The bed width is 210cm, the bed height is 15-20cm, and each row is planted with 2 inches. 80 centimeters, 50 centimeters in space, 50 centimeters in spacing, 60 centimeters in the walkway, and 500 in each shed. In general, a standard greenhouse is applied with 1500kg of composted manure such as pig manure, plus 25kg of compound fertilizer and superphosphate, deep-turned to 30cm below the topsoil. ?
2, tossing buds, picked up in January after planting. When the seedling grows to about 8 knots, it is necessary to remove the top bud and leave 4-5 knots to promote lateral bud growth. The export of cut flowers per plant retains 3 to 4 branches, making the cut flowers of good quality; domestically cut flowers can retain 5 to 7 branches per plant. After picking the heart, the plants grew quickly. When the lateral shoots were 10 cm long after two weeks, the weak shoots on the lower branches should be erased and the strong buds should be kept. It is appropriate to keep 30 to 50 cut flowers per 33 square meters.
3. Fertilizer and water management: The silky bamboo is native to the calcareous soils on the Mediterranean coast and requires a high topography, sandy soil of PH7, 0-7, and 2. Hibiscus was hi-fertilizer, and several nutrient solutions were applied after planting. Nitrogen fertilizer was the main form in the early stage and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were the main components in the later stage. However, fertilization should be stopped before the flowering to prevent stems from becoming soft. In addition, silk bamboo avoids water, the wet growth grows weaker, and the water will cause the root rot to die. Seedling should be fully watered, when the plant grows to 30 cm to control the watering, especially budding period should be more careful, flowering will have to do. In the rainy season in Nanjing, we must avoid the rain. ?
4, shading and hormone treatment?
Dianthus is a light-loving plant that needs plenty of sunlight. However, in the summer, under the influence of high temperature and direct sunlight, the silk flower can be seated in clusters. Therefore, it is necessary to shave 40%-60% with black shading nets in the summer. ?
Hormone treatment is generally not used in the cultivation of dianthus. However, when the seedlings were planted in June and they did not have heading until mid-October, they would have to be treated with hormones. Otherwise, the winter flowers would be lost. The specific method: use 100pp m ~ 200pp m of gibberellin solution, spray on the top of the stem of the plant, spray once every 5 days until the heading of silk bamboo. Gibberellin can break rosettes and promote flowering. ?
[Pest control]?
Bacterial diseases (disease, stalk rot, etc.) are deadly diseases of silk dianthus. The colonized areas must be disinfected with formaldehyde solution before use. Aphids and aphids can be sprayed with 1000-fold solution of dicofol and 1500-fold solution of cypermethrin. ?
[Annual production]?
The type of dianthus carinata cultivation has a lot to do with the climate and site conditions. There are many types. Here are some typical types of cultivation in Nanjing. ?
1, open ground rain cultivation type:?
May-June cuttings, from August to September, planting in the middle and late, and flowering from May to June in the following year. The whole growing period is one year. There must be rainproof equipment for open cultivation. Because silk and bamboo are afraid of rain and moisture, continuous rain will cause root rot. Rainfall during flowering will also affect the quality of flowers, but the rainproof equipment can only prevent Because of the root rot caused by stagnant water, it is impossible to solve the epidemic problems in summer, so production is extremely unstable and this backward cultivation will gradually be eliminated. ?
2. Greenhouse promotes cultivation type:
In May, they purchased quality test tube seedlings, planted them in nutrient bowls, and paid attention to water management. The seedlings grew strong in nutrient bowls, and they were short between festivals, growing to around 10 knots, in late June to July. In the early days, plants are planted in greenhouses. To shelter from the rain, the heart is picked from the end of July to the beginning of August. The upper 4 to 5 sections are removed, the lower part is left around 3 knots, and the buds are soaked from the end of August to the beginning of September. Each plant retains 3 to 4 robust collaterals. Pay attention to the light after September 10. See flowers on or about November 20th. The flowering period will be open until March before and after the Spring Festival. ?
3, perennial refrigerated cultivation type:?
Double-flowered silk dianthus is perennial perennial flower. The plants from the end of May to June flowering were exhumed before the high temperature in summer and stored in a cold storage at 2 to 3°C for 2-3 months. The planting was carried out from September to October, and flowering could occur from December to February. This cultivation can avoid the death of the old strain caused by the epidemic in the summer high temperature period, reduce the rosette clustering, and save a lot of seed resources costs, so this cultivation method is constantly promoted in various places. However, if this type of cultivation meets the high temperature for more than five consecutive days after planting, there will be a phenomenon of “de- vernalizationâ€. Therefore, the date of planting should be determined based on the temperature data of that year. It is better to plant more safely after mid-September. ?
4. What type of flower cultivation should be done twice a year?
Before and after the Spring Festival, high-quality and robust seedlings were purchased and planted directly in the greenhouse. Attention should be paid to proper insulation. In March, we took heart and wiped buds and began to see flowers in late May. June is a flowering period, because June is the natural flowering period of the silk flower, so the economic benefit of this period is not high, generally can only recover the cost. The emphasis is on raising the roots and fighting for the second harvest. After the flowers were collected in June, the upper part of the ground was cut off, leaving an old strain of 5 centimeters high and safely overtaking. When the new branch sprouts on the old root and grows to about 10 centimeters in length, the branches should be thinned and 3 to 4 side branches should be left. Before and after the Spring Festival, the flowering period can be entered. This is the type of cultivation that flowers are used twice a year. This type is gradually being promoted in Shanghai and has high economic benefits. ?
[harvesting and sales]?
After the silk flowers are all open, they are harvested, flowers are inserted, but they are afraid of dehydration. Therefore, the base of the stems should be inserted into the water immediately after harvest, and 3 to 5 bundles should be bundled into small bundles and wrapped in white paper.
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