The cultivation techniques of iris cultivation in the Netherlands

The Iris xiphium Var. is a variant of the Spanish iris, widely distributed in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. With rich colors, exotic patterns, and large and beautiful flowers, it is widely used in greening and greening gardens. It is also a world-famous fresh cut flower material. After being introduced from the Netherlands, the Hebei Academy of Forestry Sciences conducted a cultivation experiment and explored the suitable environmental conditions of the Dutch iris, and summarized it in order to provide a reference for the cultivation of Dutch iris.

1. Biological and ecological characteristics

1.1 Biological characteristics

The iris is a perennial herb belonging to the genus Iris of the family Iris, and the underground part of the bulb has an oval shape, is brown-colored, and has a linear shape with deep longitudinal sulcus. Stems are stout erect, with 1 or 2 flowers and stems. Perianth tube is not obvious or nearly absent; vertical petal is circular, base is thin, claw is very long, flag flap is long elliptical, and is equally long. Stems about 7cm. The colors are light blue, blue purple, white, yellow and so on.

1. 2 Ecological characteristics

The Netherlands is an autumn-rooted autumn root. It is a well-drained and well-watered soil. It has a well-lit and cool environment and is also resistant to cold and semi-shade. Growth temperature 16~18°C. Rooting in autumn and winter (warm winter can shoot), flowering in the second year, sleeping in early summer. The use of high temperature, low temperature or smoke treatment to break the dormancy is most effective when treated at a low temperature of 8 to 10°C for 7 to 9 weeks. This characteristic can be used to promote cultivation.

2 Promote cultivation management

2.1 Preparation before planting

2.1.1 Site preparation Choose a well-drained sandy loam rich in humus. Combine basal fertilizer with turfgrass, apply 1500-2000kg/667g of cooked manure or manure, and disinfect the soil with methyl bromide. The colonization bed was made to be 1.0-1.2m wide and the length was determined by the length of the plot.

2.1.2 Ball selection The bulbs with no flowers, robust and disease-free in the growing season were soaked in 500 times solution of carbendazim for 30 minutes and dried. The shape of the bulb can be used to distinguish whether or not the bulb has been flowered. The unopened bulb has 3 to 4 layers of epidermis and oval; the bulb that has been opened is flat and has only 1 layer of epidermis and is vulnerable to bruising. .

2.2 Planting

When planting the appendix, carefully press the bulb with 3/4 of the thumb into the moist soil and cover it with the soil to the tip of the ball. The depth is generally 7~10cm so that the bulb base maintains a desirable temperature. Generally, 120 to 130 balls are planted per square meter. The planting density differs depending on the variety, bulb size, and planting period.

2.3 Management measures

2.3.1 Temperature Temperature is the most important factor affecting the growth of appendix. It directly affects the emergence rate. The suitable growth temperature for iris is 16°C～18°C, and the minimum temperature is 5°C～8°C. When the temperature is -2°C～-3°C, the buds are susceptible to freezing injury. During the early growth period, the room temperature is maintained at 8°C to 12°C until the flower stems are gradually extracted, and then gradually rise to the proper temperature. When the temperature exceeds 20°C, the cut flower quality deteriorates. The temperature can be reduced through ventilation, shading, etc. to meet its flowering needs.

2.3.2 Lighting Illumination is also an important factor affecting the quality of cut flowers. Long hours of light, plants grow strong, inflorescence full, bright colors. The time of light is short, the plants are delicate, the inflorescences are thin, and even cause blind flowers. When the light is strong and the temperature is higher than 25°C, shading is properly performed and the ventilation is enhanced at the same time, which can effectively control the cut quality of cut flowers. In the greenhouse where high temperature and light transmission are weak, lack of light is the main reason for the flowers to wither. When light is insufficient, light must be filled properly.

2.3.3 Fertilizer, Water Management The soil remains moist during planting to promote rapid rooting. Throughout the growing period, the soil must remain sufficiently moist for long periods of time. Humidity is not enough, the plants are often short and the flowers are easy to wither. The method to determine whether the soil moisture is suitable is to take a small amount of soil in the palm. When the loosen soil is not loose, it remains as it is. Watering should be carried out in the morning, which effectively relieves the humidity of the air in the greenhouse, which in turn helps the plants to maintain a dry state and reduce the chance of infection by pathogens.

In the growth process of appendix, the ideal air humidity is controlled at 75% to 80%. Excessive humidity can easily cause bacterial and fungal diseases. Heating and ventilation measures can effectively reduce the air humidity. Take care to prevent the humidity from falling too fast, causing the leaves to wither and causing the quality of cut flowers to decline.

In order to improve the quality of flowers during production, spray 0.5% urea or ferrous sulfate every 7 days during the growth period, and spray 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate one time before budding, which is beneficial to the lustre of leaves and bright colors.

2.3.4 Other management In order to avoid lodging of the plants, a net was made at a plant height of 20 cm. Afterwards, the height of the net is gradually increased as the plants grow. Remove weeds, disease, and pests in time.

2.4 Harvesting

Appropriate harvesting period guarantees the quality of flowers, and proper treatment after harvesting results in high-quality cut flowers. When the petal extends beyond the tip of a tip or begins to bloom, the flower is susceptible to damage and the time for flowering is short. If harvesting is too early, it sometimes does not bloom. Wait until the petals are slightly open. In general, early flowering is appropriate when the temperature is high, and it is appropriately delayed when the temperature is low. Immediately after harvest, they were placed in a cold room at 2°C, enough water was sucked, and grading and tying were performed. Stem length is less than 70cm in 5cm1 grade, and 70cm in 10cm 1 grade. 10 bundles of 1 bundle, bundled into bundles, the flowers are aligned at the top. The longest branch and the shortest branch in a bundle do not exceed 3 cm.

2.5 Major pest control

The major diseases and pests of the iris in the Netherlands include viral diseases, bacterial soft rot, penicillium rot, rust, melasma, bud split, root-knot nematode, and root rot nematode. The use of detoxification bulbs is the most effective method to prevent viral diseases. Penicillium rot disease is mainly caused by bumps on the ball and pathogens in storage. It can be prevented by sterilizing the seed ball when planting. Bacterial soft rot is mainly caused by high temperature, high humidity, and excessive water. It is treated with 72% streptomycin-soluble powder 4000 times. Rust is treated with 25% triadimefon 1500 times solution or 20% Versicolor EC 600 times. Spiking is caused by insufficient light, high humidity, or sudden changes in temperature and disrupted growth patterns. It can be prevented by taking a little care during cultivation. Soil sterilisation and rotation can effectively reduce the occurrence of root-knot nematodes and root worms.

2.6 Breeding methods

2.6.1 After breeding and flowering, the breeding ball of the bulb will lose its nutrients and gradually empty and shrink. At the same time, a small amount of new balls will be produced, and many new balls will form around the new ball. The ball can be grown into flowering balls in 1 to 2 years.

2.6.2 Seed reproduction Seeds can be sowed after they have matured. In order to make it germinate in advance, it should be soaked in water for 24 hours and then refrigerated for 10 days so that it can be sown in a cold bed and germinated in the fall. Seedlings can only bloom 2 to 3 years, so this method is less used in production.

2.6.3 Tissue culture propagation The young inflorescences were sterilized and inoculated on MS+BA5mg/L+NAA 0.1mg/L induction medium at a temperature of 22+-2. After light irradiation of 1500 to 3000 lx for 20 days, a small amount of light green was formed at the torus. Callus tissue and callus tissue gradually differentiated into white embryoid bodies. When they were differentiated into flowers, they grew to 2 cm in length and were divided and inoculated on 1/2 ms+iba 0.7 mg/l+s3% rooting medium. Rooted after 1 month [5].

3 Summary

3.1 Temperature, humidity, light, and moisture are important factors affecting the growth of the appendix. The suitable growth temperature for iris in production is 16°C to 18°C ​​and the humidity is 75% to 80%.

3.2 Because of the variety of iris varieties, growth characteristics, and cultivation cycle are not the same, so when the cultivation is promoted, depending on the characteristics of the varieties to determine their appropriate management measures, in order to achieve the ideal cultivation effect.

3.3 Tissue culture is an effective method for accelerating the cultivation of new varieties. It is recommended that tissue culture be promoted when breeding new varieties.

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