Release date: 2017-12-25
[Fermentation studies link sugar to cancer cell growth] Scientists studying glucose fermentation have discovered that proteins associated with cancer can be activated by sugar.
Yeast is a diverse, single-celled organism that represents a huge potential for the development of the food and healthcare industry. There are currently more than 1,500 biodiversity yeasts, of which Saccharomyces cerevisiae - also known as Baker's yeast - has been used for centuries in brewing, baking and recent insulin applications. Other varieties are still not well studied, although a lot of work is being done to explore its enormous potential.
A recent study has revealed the relationship between sugar and cancerous tumor growth, using yeast as a model organism. The EU supported the PI SIGNALING project in the form of Marie Curie and published the results in the journal Nature Communications.
In the absence of oxygen, cells process sugar by glycolysis, a method that is less efficient than breathing. This is the process of burning muscles during strenuous exercise and produces ethanol during brewing. Where yeast and cancer cells differ from other cells, after the German Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg, they preferred to use this method to process sugar. Known as the Warburg effect.
Protein activated by sugar
The results of this new study suggest that "there is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism between the fermentation and activation of a major cell proliferation regulator, Ras, and the production of proto-oncogene products in yeast and mammalian cells." The Ras protein acts as a switch for intracellular signaling networks and controls processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell migration. Mutations in these proteins are associated with cancer, leading to the ability of cancer cells to fail to grow. Researchers have shown that Ras can be activated by sugar.
Such proteins are also present in yeast, making them ideal model organisms for studying their effects on cancer cells. The researchers examined the activation of Ras in the body, and glucose was added to cells grown in galactose and combined with glycolytic intermediates in situ.
The aim was to determine the molecular link between glucose fermentation and Ras activation. Their results suggest that the Warburg effect causes a vicious circle by activating Ras, causing an increase in the rate of fermentation to stimulate carcinogenic efficacy. The team stressed that the results of the study did not show that sugar causes cancer, but rather that sugar is broken down in cancer cells.
PI signal (phosphate sensing of the activin kinase A pathway in yeast) Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used as a model system for eukaryotic cell research because of its genetic ease of use and powerful genomic approach.
The study's lead author, Johan Thevalain, explained that the biochemical link between nutrient availability in the form of glucose, nitrogen, phosphate, sulfate, and the control of the PKA pathway has been the core theme of the team's final study for 30 years. It is also important that the PKA signaling pathway controls the rate of fermentation of yeast cells, stress tolerance and many other properties. These properties are critical in industrial applications involving yeast, such as the production of fermented beverages, bioethanol and biobased compounds.
Source: Bio Valley
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