I. Variety Selection for Carnations In Nanjing, the most economically viable cultivation method for carnations is one-year production. Tissue-cultured seedlings are planted between May and June, with a spacing of 45 cm by 20 cm. The initial flowering period begins in September, peaks in October, and can extend until around New Year’s Day. The following year, the flowering season typically lasts from April to May, providing a long and profitable growing cycle.
II. Substrate Preparation and Sterilization The substrate should be deeply tilled to a depth of 40–50 cm. Before planting, 4,000 to 5,000 kilograms of organic manure per acre is applied. Then, 30 pounds of industrial formaldehyde is dissolved in water and evenly poured over the soil. The area is then covered with plastic film for 15 days. After the smell dissipates, the film is removed, and the substrate is ready for planting.
III. Use of Zhang Wang Net for Improved Growth Zhang Wang net is used to prevent the growth of lateral branches after topping, which can lead to heavy heads and lodging. It also improves air circulation and light penetration, reducing the risk of pests and diseases. When the lateral shoots grow to about 15 cm in length after pinching, they are covered with a nylon mesh. Each mature flowering branch is secured to a grid structure, allowing it to grow alongside the plant. A layer of netting is added every 25 cm, usually three layers in total. When opening the net, stakes are placed every 2–3 meters to keep the net loose and flexible.
IV. Prevention of Stem Cracking Stem cracking is a major issue that reduces the commercial value of carnations. This problem can be managed through manual or combined artificial and hormonal methods. (1) Manual prevention: Large temperature fluctuations between day and night are a primary cause of cracking. To reduce this, air is released during the day and straw covers are closed at night, helping to stabilize the temperature. Additionally, maintaining consistent moisture levels in the substrate is crucial, as dryness can also lead to cracks. (2) Combined artificial and hormonal methods: About 1–2 weeks before flowering, flower buds are tied in a braid using plastic tape. Small buds are then treated with a solution of gibberellic acid at concentrations of 30×10ⶠto 50×10â¶, effectively preventing stem cracking.
V. Pest and Disease Control (1) Disease Management: Common diseases affecting carnations include stem rot, leaf spot, and viral infections. Among these, stem rot is the most severe and can result in complete crop loss if not controlled. To manage it, a wettable powder of mancozeb can be sprayed. Infected plants should be immediately removed, taken out of the greenhouse, and destroyed. The affected areas should then be disinfected using a 500-times diluted solution of disinfectant. (2) Insect Pest Control: Major pests include red spider mites and thrips, which feed on leaves or parasitize flower buds, causing damage such as incomplete petals and spots. These pests can be controlled by spraying insecticides like fast-killing agents or dichlorvos, ensuring high-quality blooms.
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