First, the causes of tomato rot in greenhouses:
1. Soil moisture and humidity issues are common in winter greenhouses due to low temperatures and high humidity. This leads to reduced transpiration from the leaves, while excessive watering can cause the soil to become waterlogged and cold. Poor soil permeability then results in root rot and plant decline.
2. Tomato roots grow best at night when the temperature is between 20-30°C. When the temperature drops below 13°C, their physiological functions slow down significantly. If plants are exposed to temperatures below 13°C for a long time, growth stops completely, and at 6-8°C, it may even lead to plant death. Therefore, greenhouse night temperatures should be kept above 15°C to maintain a ground temperature of at least 20°C.
3. For large tomatoes, the ideal day-night temperature difference is 25-28°C during the day and 16-20°C at night. However, if nighttime temperatures stay below 15°C for too long, or daytime temperatures exceed 30°C, the underground roots may get damaged, and the above-ground parts may experience excessive transpiration, leading to wilting.
4. Repeated planting without proper crop rotation can leave many pathogens in the soil. These bacteria become active and increase the risk of diseases like bacterial wilt and blight. Additionally, this practice can harm the soil structure, reducing its ability to drain water and breathe.
Second, methods to control tomato rot:
1. It's important to choose disease-resistant varieties that are indeterminate, large-fruited, cold-tolerant, and resistant to both disease and shade. These varieties perform better in the challenging conditions of winter greenhouses.
2. Using organic fertilizers improves soil structure, increases permeability, and provides balanced nutrients. Clayey loam soils, which are often difficult to work with, benefit greatly from organic matter, helping prevent diseases and improve overall plant health.
3. Before planting, it's crucial to sterilize the soil in the greenhouse to eliminate harmful pathogens. One effective method is high-temperature treatment: turn the soil 20 cm deep 7-10 days before planting, spray with a bactericide, cover with plastic, and allow the temperature to rise to 50-60°C. Keep it covered for 5-7 days, and repeat this process 2-3 times for best results.
4. Watering should be carefully controlled, especially in winter when evaporation is minimal. Water every 7 days, and always follow the "cold stream tail, warm flow head" rule—avoid watering during cold or cloudy weather to prevent root damage and disease development.
5. Increasing the night temperature is essential for successful greenhouse production. A thick layer of straw mulch can help insulate the soil. Additionally, using double-layered film coverage at night not only keeps the area warm but also protects the mulch from rain and snow.
6. Proper ventilation is vital, especially after watering. Ensure good air circulation inside the greenhouse as long as the temperature remains stable. This helps reduce humidity and prevents the spread of fungal and bacterial diseases.
7. Long-term continuous cultivation in the same plot can lead to an accumulation of pathogens in the soil. To avoid this, practicing crop rotation is highly recommended. This helps break the life cycle of pests and diseases, improving soil health and crop performance over time.
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