The armyworm is a significant pest affecting grassy plants worldwide, and it poses a threat to all provinces in China. The larvae of the armyworm are highly destructive, particularly when feeding on grasses. They attack various forage crops such as ryegrass, Sudan grass, orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), green foxtail (Setaria viridis), and staple crops like wheat, corn, and rice. Young larvae feed on the leaves, creating small round holes, while older instars cause more severe damage by chewing irregular notches. By the 4th to 6th instar stage, the larvae enter an overeating phase, often devouring entire leaves and leaving only thin stalks behind.
Adult armyworms measure 17 to 20 mm in length, with a pale grayish-brown coloration and a wingspan ranging from 30 to 45 mm. The forewings feature two yellowish round spots near the front edge, with a larger spot on the outside and a small white dot beneath it. A tiny black spot is located on either side of the white dot. On the trailing edge of the wing, there's a slanted dark brown pattern near the 1/3 mark. From the 1/4 mark of the leading edge to the 1/3 of the trailing edge, 7 to 9 black dots are arranged in an arc. The hind wings have a gray-brown inner surface and a darker brown outer edge.
The eggs are oval-shaped, approximately 0.6 mm in diameter, yellowish-white, and covered with an irregular reticular pattern. The larvae go through six instar stages, growing from about 17 to 20 mm in early stages to up to 38 mm when mature. Their body color varies from green to yellow-brown, with vertical lines of black, white, and brown. The head is brown to sepia, and the mouthparts are light brown with some black markings.
At the end of the larval body, there is a bent spine with two pairs of small, curved spines on each side. Armyworms breed year-round in southern regions, producing 5 to 8 generations annually. The egg stage lasts 6 to 15 days for the first generation and 3 to 6 days for later ones. The larval period ranges from 14 to 28 days, followed by a pupal stage of 1 to 3 days, then a pre-oviposition period of 3 to 7 days. The entire life cycle takes between 40 to 50 days.
Adults are nocturnal, becoming active at night for feeding, mating, and laying eggs. Each female can lay between 1,000 to 2,000 eggs. The larvae are active at night, hiding during the day in grass or under clods. They exhibit a pseudo-dead behavior and can be difficult to detect.
For control, moth trapping is an effective method. A mixture of 1 part sugar, 1 part wine, 4 parts vinegar, and 16 parts water is combined with 1 part 2.5% trichlorfon powder. This bait is placed in pots, with 2 to 3 pots per hectare, positioned 30 to 35 cm above the grass, with a depth of 3 to 3.5 cm. Pots are covered during the day and opened at night, with dead moths removed daily. The bait is refreshed every 5 to 7 days for 16 to 20 days.
Egg collection involves placing grass in the field, replacing it every 3 to 5 days. Grass with eggs is collected and burned. Chemical control uses insecticides that are safe for humans and animals, with short residual effects. Examples include 40% New Nongbao EC diluted 800–1200 times, 25% Kangzhuang Emulsion at 500–800 times, 30% Horse Emulsion at 1000–1500 times, 90% Wan-Ling Wet Powder at 1500–2000 times, 20% Bangshui Emulsion at 1000–1200 times, and 90% Trichlorfon at 1000–1500 times. After 15–20 days, the forage becomes safe for livestock.
In open areas with minimal obstruction and electricity access, "frequency-vibration insecticidal lamps" can be used to attract adults. One lamp is installed for every 40–60 mu, turned on at night and off in the early morning.
Food Additives
Food additive is a kind of non nutritive substance which is added in small amount to improve the appearance, flavor, structure or storage property of food. It refers to any substance artificially added to food for technical purposes in the process of food production, processing, preparation, treatment, packaging, transportation or storage. In order to improve the quality of food, such as color, aroma and taste, and to meet the needs of anti-corrosion and processing technology, synthetic or natural substances are added into food . At present, there are 23 categories and more than 2000 varieties of food additives in China, including Acidity Regulators, anti caking agents, defoamers, antioxidants, bleaching agents, bulking agents, colorants, color protectants, enzyme preparations, flavor enhancers, nutritional enhancers, preservatives, sweeteners, thickeners, spices, etc.

Product Name: Beta-Carotene
Appearance: Orange Powder
CAS: 7235-40-7
Molecular formula:C40H56
Molecular weight :536.8726
Melting point: 178-179℃
Flashing point: 103℃
EINECS: 230-636-6
Specification: 1%;10%;20%;30%,50%,90%;99%
Testing Method: HPLC
Beta carotene is the molecule that gives carrots their orange colour. It is part of a family of chemicals called the carotenoids, which are found in many fruit and vegetables, as well as some animal products such as egg yolks. Biologically, beta carotene is most important as the precursor of vitamin A. It also has anti-oxidant properties and may help in preventing cancer and other diseases.
Beta Carotene is also known as a provitamin because it can be converted in our body into vitamin A after oxidative cleavage by beta carotene 15, 150-dioxygenase. In plants, beta carotene, acts as an anti-oxidant and neutralizes singlet oxygen radicals formed during photosynthesis.
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