Spring is the peak breeding season for salmon. However, if management practices are not properly implemented, it can lead to a low breeding rate and reduced efficiency. There are five main factors that contribute to poor reproduction in salmon: First, broodstock may not reach sexual maturity, resulting in low spawning rates and poor fertility. Second, fungal infections can occur during egg hatching, leading to moldy eggs. Third, cold weather and damp conditions during incubation can negatively affect development. Fourth, improper cleaning of hatching ponds may leave natural predators of fry in the water. Fifth, inadequate daily care of fish fry can result in high mortality. To improve the breeding success of salmon, three key strategies should be adopted.
First, selecting high-quality broodstock is essential. Healthy, plump fish with no deformities should be chosen. Female salmon should be at least 3 years old, weighing between 3 kg and 5 kg, while males should be over 2 years old, weighing between 1.5 kg and 2 kg. During non-breeding seasons, females and males should be kept in separate ponds to prevent early maturation. Typically, around 50 females per acre and 100 males per acre are maintained. Fish should be fed at fixed times, in specific locations, and in measured amounts—approximately 2% to 3% of their body weight. In addition to commercial feed, fermented pig or chicken manure can also be used. Fresh water should be added regularly to maintain clean conditions, reduce disease risk, and support gonad development.
Second, proper breeding techniques must be applied. Breeding and hatching usually take place in spring when water temperatures exceed 15°C. Before spawning, suitable spawning and hatching ponds should be prepared. The size of each pond depends on the number of broodstock. A sunny, sheltered location is ideal for hatching ponds. Both ponds should be thoroughly cleaned and treated with chemicals to eliminate predators and wild fish. Grass along the edges should be removed, and no fertilizers should be used to keep the water clear. After preparation, nets are pulled, and broodstock are selected and placed in the spawning pond. It’s important to check the weather forecast; if cold air is expected, avoid moving the fish. Choose females with swollen, soft, and elastic bellies, and pair them with males in a 1:5 ratio. Fish nests made from bamboo sticks and sterilized water hyacinths should be placed near the inlet. New water is added daily to encourage spawning. Once the eggs are laid, they are disinfected and transferred to the hatching pond. To make the transfer easier, about 300,000 eggs per acre are typically placed.
Third, successful hatching and fry cultivation require careful attention. If rain or cold weather occurs after the eggs are placed, cover them with straw or a thin film, or increase the water depth. Fry usually hatch within 7 days, depending on temperature. Once they can swim, the fish nests are removed, but the water hyacinth should be cleaned to avoid entanglement. For the first few days, soymilk or fermented peanut bran can be fed, approximately 2 kg per kilogram of fry. As they grow, more organic manure or fermented feed can be introduced. To improve swimming ability, branches should be dragged across the pond once or twice daily. Early morning checks are important to look for floating heads, which indicate poor water quality. If detected, fresh water should be added. Once the fry are healthy, the pond density is reduced, and water levels are gradually increased by 10 cm weekly. As the fry mature, they can be sold in stages, ensuring optimal growth and survival.
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