Black Phoenix chicken, also known as the black silk hair chicken, is a rare and highly valued breed that stands out for its superior meat quality and higher melanin content compared to other varieties like the white silk mulberry chicken. According to modern agricultural experts, this chicken is considered a "Wuji treasure" due to its multiple uses—medicinal, culinary, egg production, and ornamental value. It also serves as an important genetic resource, making it a promising candidate for breeding and development.
After three years of research and practical application at the Ruifeng Rare Animal Experimentation Site under the Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the production performance of Black Phoenix chickens has become more stable. Adult males weigh between 1.25 kg and 2.0 kg, while hens range from 1.0 kg to 1.5 kg. The birds reach maturity at around six months of age. For optimal breeding, the male-to-female ratio should be 1:5 to 1:8, with each hen laying between 120 to 160 eggs annually. Under normal conditions, the survival rate of chicks within the first month is over 95%. By three months of age, the average weight of both males and females reaches 800 grams, and the feed conversion ratio (meat to shell) at 90 days is approximately 3.2:1.
This breed offers several advantages, including rapid growth, low feed consumption, strong disease resistance, ease of management, high market value, and broad consumer appeal. To support small-scale farmers, a comprehensive set of techniques has been developed:
(a) **Chicken House Construction**: The house should be located in a well-ventilated and sunny area. A 70 cm x 120 cm lighted window should be installed every 3 meters, and a 160 cm wide door on the sunny side. An outdoor sand-covered yard should be provided for the chickens to roam.
(b) **Hatching**: Artificial incubation is recommended for better control and success rates.
(c) **Feeding**: During the first 30 days, which is the brooding period, maintaining warmth is crucial. Temperature should start at 33°C for the first three days and decrease by 2°C weekly. Chicks should be evenly distributed around the heat source. After drinking water, they can be fed full-price chick feed 4–6 times daily. The stocking density should be 40–50 chicks per square meter on day 10, 30 on day 20, and 20 on day 30. After 30 days, commercial chickens can be fed ad libitum, with a diet containing 18–19% crude protein. Green vegetables or grass can be added later, making up about 20% of the total feed. Each group can raise 200–300 chickens. For breeding purposes, controlled feeding is essential to avoid early maturity or overfeeding, with 100–200 chickens per breeder. Light exposure should be limited after 8 weeks, gradually increasing to 15 hours per day before egg-laying peaks at 16 hours. Breeder feed should be used, with multivitamins added to the drinking water.
(d) **Disease Prevention**: Vaccination is critical throughout the entire lifecycle. Marek’s vaccine is given to hatchlings. At 35 days old, antibiotics such as Enrofloxacin are used to prevent bacterial infections like salmonella and E. coli. Tylosin and Doxycycline help prevent mycoplasma and respiratory diseases. Disinfectants like 100 poison are used in drinking water. Coccidiosis prevention is necessary during the first three weeks. Newcastle disease vaccines are administered at 7–10 days, and the Bursa vaccine is given at 12–14 days. Breeding chickens should also receive inactivated vaccines against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, and bursal disease, following local vaccination protocols.
By implementing these practices, farmers can successfully raise Black Phoenix chickens, benefiting from their unique qualities and high market demand.
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