First, the nursery stage. Currently, the promotion of dry pepper varieties mainly benefits red pepper, line pepper, Jinta pepper, and Chaotian pepper. The nursery process is divided into three types: greenhouse nursery, cold nursery, and seedling nursery. Yidu Red requires 1.25–1.50 kg per hectare, while Chaotian pepper needs 2–2.5 kg per hectare.
1. Seed treatment and soil preparation:
(1) Seed disinfection: After sowing, seeds are soaked in 0.3% potassium permanganate solution for 10 minutes or 10% trisodium phosphate for 20 minutes to eliminate pathogens. After washing, they are soaked in warm water at 55°C until the temperature drops to 30°C, then left to soak for 8 hours. During this time, the wax on the seed surface is removed to enhance water absorption. Once sufficiently dried, the seeds are wrapped in a clean wet towel and kept at 25–30°C for germination. Sow when about 60–70% of the seeds have sprouted.
(2) Preparation of nutrient soil: Mix 12/3 garden soil (or fertile topsoil) with 1/3 horse manure; or 21/3 garden soil with 1/3 fine slag and 1/3 horse manure; or 32/3 garden soil with 1/3 horse manure and 0.5 kg of wood ash per cubic meter.
(3) Toxic soil preparation: For each square meter of seedbed, mix 15 kg of nutrient soil with 2.5 kg of "Five-generation Mixture" (70% pentachloronitrobenzene + 65% zineb WP). Alternatively, mix 8 grams of 50% carbendazim WP per square meter with 15 kg of nutrient soil.
2. Sowing:
(1) Seed sowing: Level the seedbed, pour water, wait for it to absorb, then mix seeds with fine sand for even distribution. Sow two-thirds of the seeds first, then use the remaining third to fill gaps. Cover with toxic soil, followed by a layer of nutrient soil. After 5–7 days, remove the plastic film once 70% of the seedlings have emerged.
(2) Nutrient seedling cultivation: Prepare individual pots filled with nutrient soil. Place 1 cm of toxic soil at the bottom, add more nutrient soil, insert 3–4 germinated seeds, cover with another 1 cm of toxic soil, and finish with a layer of nutrient soil.
Second, seedling management:
1. Temperature: Maintain higher temperatures during sowing and gradually lower them as seedlings emerge. Once 60–70% have sprouted, keep the ground temperature between 18–20°C.
2. Moisture: Avoid watering immediately after sowing. Water only after 10 AM using warm water stored in a tank.
3. Fertilization: Seedlings usually don’t need fertilizer. If needed, spray a foliar solution of 0.3% urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
4. Transplanting seedlings: When seedlings have 2–3 true leaves, transplant them. Water the seedbed the day before, create a 6–8 cm planting ditch, and space seedlings 6–7 cm apart. Maintain a daytime temperature of 25–28°C and nighttime of 15°C. Use a plastic sheet to protect seedlings, removing it after they adjust. Transplant between 10 AM and 3 PM.
5. Ventilation and hardening off: Ventilate when seedlings are too dense or temperatures are high. Greenhouse ventilation starts from the top, then adds side vents. Small sheds start by opening the lee side. Ventilate gradually, increasing as needed. Cover promptly if temperatures drop.
Strong seedlings should be 70–80 days old, 15–18 cm tall, with 9–14 leaves, 1.5 cm internodes, thick dark green leaves, and well-developed roots.
Third, field cultivation and management:
1. Soil preparation and fertilization: Choose sandy soil or areas where sorghum was previously grown. Before transplanting, plow the field to 120 cm wide and apply 500 kg/ha of compound fertilizer (15% N, P, K). Apply herbicides like trifluralin (100–150 ml/mu) or 72% Dole EC (100–200 ml/mu) in 30 kg water, then cover the soil and water thoroughly.
2. Transplanting: Plant between May 20–25, no later than June 1. Use double-row planting. Yidu Red is spaced at 1.1 feet, with 45,000 plants per hectare (90,000 total). Chaotian pepper is spaced at 0.5 feet, with 90,000 plants per hectare (180,000 total).
3. Field management:
(1) Water and fertilizer: Mulch film reduces early water needs. Later irrigation depends on moisture levels. Spray 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.3% urea during growth. Apply 75–100 kg urea per hectare after flowering. At the end of August, spray 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate to speed maturation.
(2) Pest and disease control: Monitor and manage anthracnose, early and late blight, virus, sunburn, and nematodes.
(3) Harvesting: Harvest around September 20. Dry peppers in the field, shake them, and grade based on size and quality. Store properly. Peppers with high moisture must not be crushed to avoid mold. Standard moisture content should not exceed 18%.
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