First, Farming Security
1. Once the soil thaws in spring, it's important to till it promptly. Tilling the soil after thawing helps prevent moisture from evaporating as the soil moves upward. This practice also improves soil temperature and aeration, stimulates microbial activity, and accelerates nitrification, which is highly beneficial for root development and nutrient uptake. After every rainfall, tilling is recommended to break up crusts, cut off capillaries, reduce the evaporation area, and minimize water loss.
2. During the dry season, which typically runs from April to June, it's essential to loosen the soil and remove weeds. The frequency of weeding depends on the severity of drought and the weed population. Weeding is most effective when weeds are just emerging. The ideal depth for weeding is usually between 6 and 10 cm.
3. Before the rainy season (July to September), it's advisable to keep the soil tilled to maintain stability, allowing more rainwater to be absorbed and reducing soil erosion. Cutting some root systems also helps promote timely dormancy, which supports flower bud formation. However, if there is less rainfall in a given year, the field should be leveled promptly to retain moisture effectively.
4. After harvesting the fruit, combine this with the application of base fertilizer to till the soil. This helps accumulate rainwater, improve soil permeability, and control pests. Immediately after the rainy season ends, it's important to protect the trees during their winter rest period.
Second, Mulching Security
1. Applying organic mulch significantly reduces soil moisture evaporation, maintains consistent soil moisture levels (often around 13-16%), and prevents runoff during heavy rains, thus reducing soil erosion and salinization. It also increases organic matter content and suppresses weed growth. The method involves using straw, weeds, or green manure that has been cut and spread over the orchard in layers of 5 to 20 cm. The coverage should be maintained throughout the year without letting it fall to the ground. In areas with abundant vegetation, full coverage of the orchard is encouraged. If possible, the materials should be chopped and evenly distributed across the entire area. While the source of the mulch may vary, it should only be used under the tree canopy, and the thickness must meet the required standards. Weeds can be used for mulching all year round, and the process should be done carefully to avoid fire hazards. After mulching, strips should be placed around the edges of the canopy to prevent wind from blowing away the material. In case of a fire, these barriers help contain it. However, avoid soiling the mulch, as this could affect air circulation and reduce its effectiveness.
2. When using plastic mulch, the reduction in soil moisture evaporation is significant. It also helps bring moisture from deeper layers into the topsoil. Typically, soil moisture content can increase by 1 to 4%, improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil early on. The increased light reflection and scattering after covering enhances light distribution between rows, which is very beneficial for photosynthesis and fruit coloration. After spring rains, the mulch should be removed and cleaned up in autumn before fertilizing to prevent plastic waste from penetrating the soil and affecting root growth.
Third, Snow Cover
Snow accumulation can enhance soil moisture in the root zone and protect the roots from freezing damage while reducing branch adhesion. This is a crucial method for increasing soil moisture in arid regions. During heavy snowfall in winter, snow collected from roads or fields should be transported to the orchard, piled under the tree canopy, and evenly spread along the tree line. The snow should then be compacted and covered with soil or straw to ensure proper infiltration and moisture retention for the growing season.
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