In the wake of recent snow and ice damage, citrus trees require careful attention to recovery. Begin by gently shaking or knocking off any accumulated ice and snow from the branches using your hands or bamboo poles. Clear the snow around the base of the tree and cultivate the soil up to 20–30 cm around the roots to prevent the entire tree from freezing. For nurseries or young saplings, lay down a layer of straw or hay on top of the snow and cover it with plastic film for added protection.
Now is the time for spring fertilization, which plays a crucial role in promoting new growth and laying the foundation for flowering, fruiting, and high yields throughout the year. However, due to the current snow and ice conditions, the roots and leaves may have suffered varying degrees of damage, making nutrient absorption difficult. Therefore, the method of fertilizer application should be adjusted based on the extent of frost damage. Trees with severe damage should primarily receive foliar sprays. On sunny days between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., apply a 0.2%–0.4% urea solution once daily, along with a 0.1%–0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution. Continue this for 3–5 days. This not only provides quick nutrient support but also helps maintain moisture, preventing sudden water loss due to frost damage or rapid weather changes that could lead to wilting.
The concentration of these sprays should be lower than normal. Urea should not exceed 0.5%, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate should not go beyond 0.3%. For trees with lighter frost damage, especially fruit trees that did not receive fall basal fertilizer, it's recommended to apply 30–40 kg of composted organic fertilizer per citrus tree or 1–1.5 kg of high-nitrogen and phosphorus compound fertilizer.
When fertilizing citrus, keep three key points in mind: First, low temperatures and wet conditions can promote pests and diseases, so combine fertilization with pest control. Second, pair fertilization with proper thinning of fruits to reduce stress on the tree. Third, improve soil temperature and root ventilation by cultivating loose, well-drained soil.
For greenhouse vegetables, eggplants are most vulnerable to freeze damage. If severely affected, consider replacing them with fast-growing crops like spinach, chrysanthemum greens, bok choy, radishes, or other short-cycle vegetables. Greenhouses may not need basal fertilizer, but open-field vegetables should receive 1,000–3,000 kg of fully composted organic fertilizer and 100% of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer.
Regarding wheat seedlings, especially in southern China where rice fields are extensive, heavy snow and rain have worsened the damage and delayed the return of green wheat. The first step is to dig trenches and drainage ditches, ensuring they connect properly with main channels to keep the groundwater level at least 50 cm below the surface. Once the wheat starts regrowing, loosen the soil with a cultivator. Apply about 5 kg of urea or 10 kg of ammonium sulfate per acre. Avoid applying too much fertilizer at once, and choose ammonium nitrate or nitro compound fertilizers first, followed by ammonium sulfate or urea. Due to limited irrigation, avoid ammonium bicarbonate. For drought-affected or frost-damaged wheat fields, combine cultivation with spreading leeches to raise soil temperature and aid recovery.
Lactobacillus buchneri is a lactic acid bacterium that naturally inhabits very different ecological niches and plays an ambivalent role in many food and feed fermentation processes, where it can act as useful starter or as spoilage organism. Due to its vicinity to important biotechnological processes like silage making, ethanol production, baking, fermenting vegetables or brewing, L. buchneri was subject of extensive research and is now a quite well studied microorganism. Recently, next generation ‘OMICS’-methods were applied to investigate L. buchneri in more detail on a systems biology level. These studies give insights into genetic equipment of L. buchneri, its metabolism. interaction with microbial consortia, and gene regulation under different growth conditions.
The present review article is a compilation of the available results and is an attempt that aims to understand how L. buchneri, equipped with a relatively small set of genes, can adapt to so many highly distinct ecological niches, resist the associated, sometimes tough environmental conditions and prevail against other members of the microbial consortia present in the same niche.
Lactobacillus Buchneri
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