Symptoms: Powdery mildew can affect various parts of the plant, including leaves, branches, pedicels, buds, flower buds, and young shoots. In the early stages of infection, a white powdery layer appears on the surface of the affected areas—this is the asexual spores (conidia) of the pathogen. As the disease progresses, this white layer turns pale gray, and black, small structures known as cleistothecia (the sexual stage of the pathogen) may appear on infected leaves or shoots. Infected plants often show stunted growth, with uneven or curled leaves, malformed shoots, and poor flowering. Severe cases lead to small, shriveled flowers, leaf drop, and eventually plant death, significantly reducing ornamental value. Common types of flower powdery mildew include rose powdery mildew, chrysanthemum powdery mildew, and greenhouse powdery mildew.
Disease Cycle: The pathogens survive the winter in the form of mycelium or conidia on infected plant tissues and buds. In early spring, wind and rain carry the spores to new leaves and shoots, causing initial infections. Throughout the growing season, repeated infections can occur, especially between April to June and September to October when conditions are most favorable. High temperatures, excessive nitrogen fertilizer, overcrowded planting, lack of sunlight, and poor air circulation all contribute to disease development. Different plant varieties also show varying levels of resistance to the disease.
Control Measures: 1. Prune infected branches and leaves in early spring, and dispose of them by burning to prevent further spread. 2. Apply balanced fertilizers, increasing phosphorus and potassium while limiting nitrogen to promote stronger plant growth. 3. During the early stages of infection, spray 50% carbendazim at a concentration of 800–1000 times, or 70% thiophanate-methyl diluted to 1000 times. Before bud break, apply a 3–4 degree solution of lime sulfur or a Bordeaux mixture (1:2:100–200) to provide preventive protection against the disease.
Additional Tips: It’s important to monitor your plants regularly, especially during humid or cool weather, as these conditions favor the growth of powdery mildew. Ensuring good air circulation around plants by proper spacing and avoiding overhead watering can also help reduce the risk of infection. If you notice any signs of the disease, act quickly to prevent it from spreading to other parts of your garden or landscape.
Urine analyzer is an automated instrument for determining certain chemical components in urine. It is an important tool for automated urine inspection in medical laboratories. This instrument has the advantages of simple and fast operation. However, improper use of urine analyzers and many intermediate links and influencing factors directly affect the accuracy of automated analysis results, which will not only cause errors in experimental results, but even delay diagnosis. Therefore, operators are required to understand the principles, performance and precautions of automated instruments. And the knowledge of influencing factors and other aspects are fully understood, and the correct use of automated instruments can make the results obtained by the urine analyzer more reliable and accurate.
application
In the 1950s, a single dry chemical test strip method was used to measure protein and glucose in urine, and the changes in the color of the test strip were observed with the naked eye and compared with the standard plate to obtain the corresponding values. In the 1980s, due to the high development and widespread use of computer technology, automated urine analyzers also developed rapidly, gradually developing from semi-automatic to fully-automated. Urine analyzers are often divided into two categories according to the test items: â‘ 8-11 screening combined urine test strips mainly used for newly diagnosed patients and health examinations. The eight test items included protein, glucose, PH, ketone bodies, bilirubin, urobilinogen, red blood cells (occult blood) and nitrite; in addition to the above eight tests, urine leukocyte test was added to the nine test items. On the basis of 9 of the 10 urine analyzer testing items, the urine specific density test was added. 11 testing items have added vitamin C testing. â‘¡It is mainly used for the observation of the curative effect of the diagnosed diseases, such as the combination test strip of PH, protein and occult blood (red blood cells) for kidney disease; the combination test strip of PH, sugar and ketone body for diabetes; the combination of bilirubin and urobilinogen for liver disease test tape.
principle
This type of instrument is generally controlled by a microcomputer, and the color change on the test strip is measured semi-quantitatively by using a spherical integrator to receive dual-wavelength reflected light. There are several reagent pads containing various reagents on the reagent strip, each of which reacts independently with the corresponding components in the urine, and displays different colors. The depth of the color is proportional to a certain component in the urine, and there is another in the reagent strip" Compensation pad", as the urine background color, compensates for the errors caused by colored urine and instrument changes.
Put the reagent strip with urine adsorbed in the colorimetric tank of the instrument, and the various reagent pads that have produced chemical reactions on the reagent strip are illuminated by the light source, and the reflected light is received by the spherical analyzer, and the photocell of the spherical analyzer is reflected. Irradiate with dual-wavelength light (measurement light passing through the filter and a reference light), and the selection of each wavelength is determined by the detection item.
The instrument automatically calculates the reflectance according to the following formula, and then compares it with the standard curve, and automatically finds and prints the corresponding results of various components. If the content of a certain component in the urine is high, the reflected light of the corresponding reagent pad is dark, otherwise it is strong.
Reflectance fraction: R(%)=Tm.Cs/TsCm×100%
In the formula, R(%) is the reflectivity; Tm is the reflection intensity of the reagent pad to the measurement wavelength; Ts is the reflection intensity of the reagent pad to the reference wavelength; Cm is the reflection intensity of the calibration pad to the measurement defect length; Cs is the calibration pair. Reflection intensity at the reference wavelength.
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