Seedless citrus varieties generally suffer from fewer pests and diseases compared to regular oranges, making them easier to manage. Common pests and diseases include aphids, mealybugs, longhorn beetles, and anthracnose, among others.
**Major Diseases and Their Control Methods**
**1. Anthracnose**
Anthracnose is a fungal disease that affects branches, leaves, and fruits, causing rotting or shriveling of the affected parts. Initially, the fruit shows light brown spots, which later expand into dark brown or black lesions. The center of the spot turns grayish-white and eventually black, leading to fruit rot or drying and remaining on the tree. On leaves, yellow-brown spots appear at the tips and gradually spread across the entire leaf and shoot, causing curling and upright positioning. High temperatures and heavy rains favor the disease, with peak incidence occurring between May and July. Orchards with poor management, dense canopies, and weak tree vigor are more susceptible.
**Control Measures:**
- Improve cultivation practices, apply potassium fertilizers to enhance tree vitality and resistance.
- Remove infected branches and leaves during winter, burn them to reduce disease sources. Prune diseased parts promptly during early stages.
- Spray protective fungicides from May to July. Effective options include 1% polyoxin (200–300 times dilution), bacterin bactericidal synergist (500–800 times), 50% dexamethasone (or zeosin ammonium) at 800 times, and 1% Pingfuling at 600 times. Spray every 10–15 days. In spring and after flowering, one spray can prevent the disease. Bordeaux mixture (0.5 kg copper sulfate + 1 kg quicklime in 100 L water) or 0.2–0.4°Bé lime sulfur can also be used. Ensure even coverage, especially on shoots, mother branches, and young fruits.
**2. Sooty Mold (Black Mold)**
Sooty mold is a fungal disease that appears on leaves, shoots, and sometimes fruits. It starts as dark brown mildew and spreads, covering leaves and fruits with a layer of soot-like fungus, reducing photosynthesis and weakening the tree. This leads to curled leaves, reduced fruit quality, and lower yield. The disease thrives in the presence of aphids, scale insects, and whiteflies, which secrete honeydew that supports fungal growth. It is common in May and June, especially in shaded, humid orchards with poor management.
**Control Measures:**
- Enhance tree vigor through proper pruning and improved air circulation.
- Eliminate aphids and scale insects early by spraying 0.3–0.5% Bordeaux mixture or 1% POX 300 times + 16% worm-eaten EC 800–1000 times to control spread.
**3. Phytophthora Capsici**
This fungal disease affects flower spikes and fruits, causing dry ears, fruit rot, and fruit drop. It is more prevalent in rainy seasons and in orchards with poor drainage and dense canopies.
**Control Measures:**
- Maintain good orchard hygiene and proper irrigation.
- Apply 1% polyoxin (300 times) or 72% Escherichia coli (800 times) during bud and young fruit stages.
**Major Pests and Their Prevention**
**1. Aphids**
Aphids are a major pest that feeds on tender shoots and leaves, causing curling, stunted growth, and fruit drop. They also excrete honeydew, which promotes sooty mold growth.
**Control Measures:**
- Spray 80% dichlorvos (1000 times), 25% imidacloprid (1000 times), 50% malathion (1500 times), or chrysanthemum insecticide (3000–4000 times).
**2. Mealybugs**
Mealybugs feed on fruit stems, affecting fruit development and causing premature drop. They also contribute to sooty mold.
**Control Measures:**
- Spray 80% dichlorvos (800 times) or 40% disulfoton (1000 times). During early fruit development, 40% potassium dithiocarbamate can be applied.
**3. Leaf Roller Moth**
The larvae roll leaves and feed on young fruits, causing damage, fruit drop, and decay.
**Control Measures:**
- Use pyrethroid insecticides like chlorpheniramine or fast-killing chrysanthemum sprays.
**4. Red Spider Mites**
These mites cause browning and loss of luster on leaves and fruits, reducing fruit quality.
**Control Measures:**
- Spray 20% dicofol (1000 times) during mid-fruit development.
**5. Longhorn Beetle Larvae**
Larvae bore into trunks and roots, weakening trees and potentially killing them.
**Control Measures:**
- Kill adult beetles, remove egg masses, and use steel hooks to extract larvae. Spray 16% worm-strands (500 times) or 50 times diluted liquid.
**6. Leaf Miner**
Leaf miner larvae feed inside leaves, causing deformation and reducing photosynthetic ability.
**Control Measures:**
- Spray during peak larval egg-laying periods, using 16% insect-line clearing oil (1000–1500 times), 20% eradication emulsion (5000–10,000 times), or 10% eradication EC (700–13,000 times). Repeat every 6–7 days.
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