The ideal conditions for the growth of mushroom mycelium include a temperature range of 22°C to 26°C, air humidity between 60% and 65%, good ventilation, and low light or darkness. During the first 1 to 6 days after inoculation, the mycelium is in the germination and colonization phase. At this stage, the mycelial growth is still weak, so the bag temperature tends to be 1°C to 3°C lower than the room temperature. To support optimal growth, the room temperature should be adjusted to 28°C to 29°C. It’s important to monitor the room temperature, stacking temperature, and bag temperature daily, with the bag temperature being the key factor in adjusting the others. During this time, avoid moving the bags to prevent contamination. Also, limit ventilation or avoid it for the first three days to maintain stable conditions.
From day 7 to day 10, the mycelium begins to spread throughout the substrate, and the bag temperature gradually rises. The room temperature should then be maintained at 25°C to 27°C. After day 7, the pile should be turned over, and every 7 to 10 days thereafter. During each turning, inspect each bag for mycelium growth and signs of bacterial infection. If any bags show leakage or have no bacterial presence at the inoculation site, they should be isolated. Moldy spots should be removed, and the affected area treated with a 5% to 10% lime water solution. The culture room should be ventilated once or twice daily, for about 30 minutes each time.
Between day 11 and day 20, the mycelium enters a period of rapid growth, with increased metabolic activity. The bag temperature may rise by 1°C to 5°C above the room temperature, so cooling and proper ventilation become crucial. The room temperature should be kept between 20°C and 24°C, and ventilation should occur for 1 to 2 hours per day.
By day 20, the mycelium has grown significantly, and oxygen levels inside the bags may become insufficient. Hypoxia can limit further growth. At this point, the tape covering the inoculation sites should be removed or small holes should be made using a sterile tool to allow more oxygen in. The first puncture should be done when the mycelium reaches a diameter of 8 to 10 cm. Use a sterile toothpick to make 6 to 10 small holes on the leading edge of the mycelium circle, ensuring not to touch the substrate. When the hyphae connect between the inoculation points, a second puncture with a sterile needle is performed. Once the mycelium fills the bag, use sterile chopsticks to create additional holes. The number and depth of these holes depend on the temperature and growth rate—deeper holes are used when temperatures are high, while shallower ones are suitable for cooler conditions.
After removing the tape or making punctures, the mycelium will grow more rapidly, causing a sudden increase in bag temperature. At this stage, it's essential to increase ventilation and move the bags if necessary to prevent overheating. After 30 to 50 days, the mycelium will fully cover the bags, signaling readiness for color change and physiological maturation.
Color conversion, also known as "bacteria tube transformation," is a critical physiological process that indicates the mycelium is developing properly. For successful color change, the environment should have a temperature of 18°C to 24°C, air humidity around 80% to 85%, some indirect light, and good air circulation. Once the mycelium is fully colonized, remove the shade to increase lighting. Maintain strict control of the room temperature at 20°C to 24°C, avoiding large temperature fluctuations and minimizing movement of the bags.
If using large bags, the color change and maturation process typically takes 25 to 30 days, whereas smaller bags may complete the process in 10 to 15 days. During this time, the hyphae begin to settle, and brown pigments are secreted, causing the fungus tube to shift from white to a brown-red color. Ideal color-changing conditions result in uniform coloration, consistent pellicle thickness, and well-formed mushrooms, leading to higher yields and better quality. However, if the color is too light or uneven, the mushrooms may be malformed or of poor quality. Conversely, if the color is too dark or the pellicle becomes too thick, mushroom growth will be slow, and yields will decrease.
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