The ideal conditions for mushroom mycelium growth include a temperature range of 22°C to 26°C, air humidity between 60% and 65%, good ventilation, and low or no light. During the first 1 to 6 days after inoculation, the mycelium is in the germination and colonization phase. At this stage, the mycelium is still weak, so the bag temperature tends to be 1°C to 3°C lower than the room temperature. To support its growth, the room temperature should be adjusted to 28°C to 29°C. It's important to monitor the room temperature, stack temperature, and bag temperature daily, with the bag temperature being the key factor in adjusting the others. Avoid moving the bags during this period to prevent contamination. For the first three days, avoid ventilation or only ventilate lightly.
From day 7 to day 10, the mycelium begins to spread through the substrate, and the bag temperature gradually rises. The room temperature should now be maintained between 25°C and 27°C. After day 7, the piles should be turned over, and then every 7 to 10 days thereafter. During each turn, inspect each bag for mycelium growth and signs of bacterial infection. If any bags show leakage or lack of bacterial growth at the inoculation site, isolate them and remove any moldy areas. Apply a 5% to 10% lime water solution to affected areas. Ventilate the culture room once or twice daily, each time for about 30 minutes.
Between day 11 and day 20, the mycelium enters a period of rapid growth, and metabolic activity increases significantly. The bag temperature will be 1°C to 5°C higher than the room temperature, so special attention must be given to cooling and ventilation. Keep the room temperature between 20°C and 24°C, and ventilate for 1 to 2 hours each day.
By day 20, the mycelium has grown extensively, and oxygen levels inside the bags may become insufficient. Hypoxia can limit further growth. At this point, it’s crucial to remove the tape from the inoculation sites or puncture the bags to increase oxygen supply. The first puncture should occur when the mycelium reaches a diameter of 8 to 10 cm. Use a sterile toothpick to make 6 to 10 small holes on the leading edge of the mycelial circle, ensuring not to touch the substrate layer. When the hyphae connect between the inoculation points, use a sterile sewing needle for a second round of aeration. Once the mycelium fills the bag, use sterile chopsticks to make additional holes. The number and depth of the holes depend on the temperature and growth rate. In warmer conditions, deeper holes are recommended; in cooler conditions, shallow holes are sufficient. After removing the tape or making punctures, the mycelium will grow faster, and the bag temperature will rise quickly. At this time, increase ventilation and move the bags if necessary to prevent overheating. After 30 to 50 days, the mycelium will fully cover the bags, signaling readiness for color change and physiological maturity.
Color transformation, also known as "bacteria tube" development, is a critical physiological process that indicates the mycelium is maturing. Ideal conditions for this stage include a temperature of 18°C to 24°C, an air humidity of 80% to 85% around the bags, some scattered light, and good airflow. When the mycelium is fully developed, remove the shade to increase light exposure. Maintain strict control over the room temperature, keeping it between 20°C and 24°C, and minimize movement of the bags. If using large bags, color change and physiological maturity usually take 25 to 30 days, while smaller bags may complete the process in 10 to 15 days. During this time, the hyphae begin to descend, and brown pigments are secreted, causing the fungus tubes to transition from white to brown-red. Proper color-changing conditions lead to uniform coloration, even pellicle thickness, and better mushroom production, resulting in high yield and quality. If the color is too light or uneven, the mushrooms may be malformed and of lower quality. If the color is too dark and the pellicle is too thick, mushroom growth may be delayed, and yield may decrease.
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