Although dairy cows are naturally resilient to both cold and heat, extreme winter conditions, dry climates, poor feeding practices, and a lack of green fodder can significantly reduce milk production and even hinder the normal growth and development of the animals. To ensure their well-being during the winter months, the author recommends implementing seven key measures.
First, maintaining proper warmth in the barn is essential. The ideal temperature inside the cowshed should be between 8°C and 17°C. If it gets too warm, it may cause discomfort or health issues for the cows. When temperatures drop below 0°C at night, cows should be brought indoors to prevent frostbite and excessive energy loss. In case of sudden temperature drops due to cold winds, windows and ventilation holes should be sealed promptly, and insulation should be reinforced. Special attention must be given to perinatal cows, newborn calves, and high-yield cattle, as they require a more stable and warmer environment, ideally between 15°C and 17°C. Additionally, cows should not be kept outside for more than six hours a day; instead, they should have two short periods of activity—three hours each in the morning and afternoon.
Second, adjusting the density of the cowshed is crucial. Once all cows are housed, good ventilation and controlled humidity are necessary. The relative humidity should not exceed 55%. High humidity can irritate the cows and negatively impact milk production. It may also lead to fungal infections. Therefore, urine and waste should be removed regularly to keep the area clean and dry.
Third, feed diversification is important during winter. The diet should be adjusted to include a variety of nutrients. While protein levels should remain consistent, the amount of corn should be increased by 20% to 50% to boost energy intake. For roughage, silage, micro-feed, or by-products from breweries are excellent alternatives to the green and juicy feeds typically consumed in summer and autumn.
Fourth, water should be warmed before giving it to cows. Cold water from taps or wells can cause digestive issues if consumed directly. It’s best to provide water heated to 15°C to 25°C. Adding a small amount of salt or soybean curd to the warm water can improve appetite and help with digestion and inflammation.
Fifth, supplemental feeding is necessary during winter when forage is limited. Calcium and phosphorus supplements should be added to the diet, typically 5–15 grams per day. Urea can serve as an effective protein source. Calves over six months old can receive 30–50 grams daily, while young cattle need 70–90 grams, and adult cows about 150 grams. However, urea has a poor taste, so it should be mixed with 1% of the concentrate feed and offered with grass. Avoid giving water within 30 minutes after feeding.
Sixth, breeding during winter is beneficial. Breeding in winter allows calving to occur in spring, avoiding the stress of summer heat and promoting higher milk yields. Dairy farmers should take advantage of this period to improve breeding success and ensure healthy calf development.
Lastly, regular grooming is important for maintaining hygiene and boosting immunity. Brushing the cows twice a day—morning and evening—for 3 to 6 minutes each time helps stimulate blood circulation, regulate body temperature, and strengthen disease resistance. The entire body should be brushed thoroughly without missing any areas. In addition, barns and outdoor areas should be regularly disinfected, and vaccinations should be carried out according to standard procedures. Early detection and treatment of diseases are essential to maintain the health and productivity of the herd.
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