As we all know, water can be classified into hard water and soft water. Hard water typically comes from sources such as wells, brackish water, or seawater, and it contains higher concentrations of minerals like calcium and magnesium. The hardness of such water is generally around 18 to 20 degrees. When this type of water is used to dilute pesticides, the calcium and magnesium ions can interfere with the performance of wettable powders by reducing their suspension rate. Additionally, these minerals may react with emulsifiers in emulsifiable concentrates, forming precipitates that can break down the emulsion, ultimately compromising the effectiveness of the pesticide. This not only reduces the pest control efficacy but can also lead to phytotoxicity, harming the plants being treated.
On the other hand, soft water—such as river water, lake water, or rainwater—contains lower levels of calcium and magnesium, with a hardness of approximately 7.5 degrees. Because of its lower mineral content, soft water does not interfere with the formulation of pesticides, allowing them to perform optimally without losing their effectiveness. Therefore, when preparing pesticide solutions, it is always recommended to use soft water whenever possible to ensure the best results and minimize the risk of plant damage. Choosing the right water type is an essential step in maximizing the efficiency and safety of pesticide application.
Drug Intermediates -Pharmaceutical intermediates: A material that is produced during a process step of the drug substance and must undergo further molecular changes or refining before it becomes a drug substance. The intermediates can be separated or not separated.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (APIS)(or Drug Substance) : Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)(or Drug Substance) : Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products and, when used in pharmaceutical products, to be an active ingredient in pharmaceutical products. Such substances have pharmacological activity or other direct effects in the diagnosis, treatment, symptom relief, management or prevention of disease, or can affect the function and structure of the body. As can be seen from the definition, the Intermediates APIS is a key product of the previous process of manufacturing the API and has a different structure from the API
Finally, for example, amoxicillin capsules are called preparations, amoxicillin is called APIS, and 6-APA is called Veterinary Intermediates APIS.
Penicillin potassium for injection is called preparation, penicillin potassium is called Veterinary raw materials, and green potassium industrial salt is called intermediate
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